Naphthalene Derivatives: Emerging Trends In Chemistry, Synthesis And Medicinal Applications

Naphthalene Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry

Abstract

Naphthalene, a basic bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, serves as a valuable framework in medicinal chemistry because of its diverse range of biological activities. Naturally occurring and synthetic naphthalene derivatives exhibit potent pharmacological effects, including anti-HIV, anticancer, antitubercular, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiviral, and neuroprotective properties. Compounds like rifampicin, naproxen, and Bedaquiline underscore its therapeutic relevance. Various synthetic methods, including the Haworth synthesis and petroleum cracking, facilitate naphthalene production. Naphthalene's unique physicochemical features such as high photostability, π-electron conjugation, and fluorescence enable its use in both drug design and material science. Its reactivity in electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation, halogenation) allows for diverse structural modifications, enhancing bioactivity. Recent research highlights naphthalene-based hybrids showing promise in combating drug resistance, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Additionally, FDA-approved drugs like propranolol and duloxetine further establish its clinical utility. Overall, naphthalene remains a crucial molecular framework in developing innovative therapeutic agents and biomedical applications.